BonnieBassler_细菌是怎样交流的【中英文对照】

1.Bacteria are the oldest living organisms on the earth.
细菌是地球上最古老的生物.
2.They’ve been here for billions of years, and what they are are single-celled microscopic organisms.
它们已经存在数十亿年了 它们是单细胞微生物
3.So they are one cell and they have this special property that they only have one piece of DNA.
它们特征是只有一个细胞 还有就是它们只有一份DNA
4.They have very few genes, and genetic information to encode all of the traits that they carry out.
它们只有少量基因, 和遗传信息来编码它们表达的特性。
5.And the way bacteria make a living is that they consume nutrients from the environment, they grow to twice their size, they cut themselves down in the middle,
细菌生存的方法 是不断从环境中吸取养分? 在成长到两倍的体积后，它们从中一分为二
6.and one cell becomes two, and so on and so on.
分裂为两个细胞，如此循环
7.They just grow and divide, and grow and divide — so a kind of boring life, except that what I would argue is that you have an amazing interaction with these critters.
它们不停得生长、分裂，然后再生长、再分裂—过着有点乏味的生活。 但是，今天我想告诉你 你与这些细菌有着惊人的互动关系
8.I know you guys think of yourself as humans, and this is sort of how I think of you.
我知道你认为你自己是人类，而这可能也是我如何看你们的
9.This man is supposed to represent a generic human being, and all of the circles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body.
在这里的是 一个一般人类的代表 在他身上所有的圆圈代表着各个组成人体的细胞
10.There is about a trillion human cells that make each one of us who we are and able to do all the things that we do, but you have 10 trillion bacterial cells
每个人体大约是由一兆个人体细胞所组成 它们让我们能完成各种各样我们想做的事情 但是，你一生中的每时每刻，
11.in you or on you at any moment in your life.
有大约十兆个细菌细胞生活在你的体内体表。
12.So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.
所以，有十倍于人体细胞的细菌细胞 生活在一个人身上
13.And of course it’s the DNA that counts, so here’s all the A, T, Gs and Cs that make up your genetic code, and give you all your charming characteristics.
同理, 我们要算一下DNA 这是所有的 A, T, G 和 C (腺嘌呤, 胸腺嘧啶, 鸟嘌呤, 胞嘧啶) 组成你的基因密码, 赋予你所有的魅力特征.
14.You have about 30,000 genes.
你有3万左右的遗传基因,
15.Well it turns out you have 100 times more bacterial genes playing a role in you or on you all of your life.
而围绕你的细菌的遗传基因数量是你自己的100倍 它们在你的身体内部和表面上中始终扮演着重要的角色。
16.At the best, you’re 10 percent human, but more likely about one percent human, depending on which of these metrics you like.
最乐观的看法是: 你只是”10分之1人”, 事实上”100分之一人”更准确， 取决于你更喜欢用哪个尺度来衡量.
17.I know you think of yourself as human beings, but I think of you as 90 or 99 percent bacterial.
我知道你自认为是一个”人类”, 但在我眼里你是90%~99%的细菌.
18.(Laughter) These bacteria are not passive riders, these are incredibly important, they keep us alive.
(笑) 这些细菌不是顺从的乘客, 他们难以置信得重要, 他们让我们活着.
19.They cover us in an invisible body armor that keeps environmental insults out so that we stay healthy.
它们是我们身上的无形盔甲 阻断来之环境的伤害 保持我们的健康.
20.They digest our food, they make our vitamins, they actually educate your immune system to keep bad microbes out.
它们消化食物, 制造维他命, 它们还指导你的免疫系统 将有害微生物阻挡在体外。
21.So they do all these amazing things that help us and are vital for keeping us alive, and they never get any press for that.
它们尽心尽职干活 帮助我们，维护我们的生命。 却从没有因此得到过报道.
22.But they get a lot of press because they do a lot of terrible things as well.
反而却因为它们同时做的许多 坏事而时常见报。
23.So, there’s all kinds of bacteria on the Earth that have no business being in you or on you at any time, and if they are, they make you incredibly sick.
地球上有无数种细菌 它们有些在任何时候都绝对不应该出现在你的体内体表， 然而假如你不幸遇到了, 那你一定会病得很厉害。
24.And so, the question for my lab is whether you want to think about  all the good things that bacteria do, or all the bad things that bacteria do.
所以, 我们实验室研究的问题是, 正是你想知道的 细菌做的所有好事或者细菌做的所有坏事。
25.The question we had is how could they do anything at all?
我们曾经提出一个疑问: 它们究竟是怎么做到的?
26.I mean they’re incredibly small, you have to have a microscope to see one.
我指的是, 它们是那么细微, 用显微镜才能看到一个。
27.They live this sort of boring life where they grow and divide, and they’ve always been considered to be these asocial reclusive organisms.
它们的生活好像只是单调乏味的成长与分裂， 而且长久以来被认为是不善社交的隐居生命体。
28.And so it seemed to us that they are just too small to have an impact on the environment if they simply act as individuals.
所以在我们看来, 它们实在是太渺小， 如果单枪匹马 根本到无法对环境产生任何影响。
29.And so we wanted to think if there couldn’t be a different way that bacteria live.
所以我们正在探讨 细菌是不是有着特殊的生存方式。
30.The clue to this came from another marine bacterium, and it’s a bacterium called Vibrio fischeri.
解答这个问题的线索 来自一种叫做费氏弧菌的海洋细菌。
31.What you’re looking at on this slide is just a person from my lab holding a flask of a liquid culture of a bacterium, a harmless beautiful bacterium that comes from the ocean,
你们在这张幻灯看到的，是我实验室的一个工作人员 握着一瓶装满这种细菌的培养液， 这是一种来自海洋的，美丽而且无害的细菌：
32.named Vibrio fischeri.
“费氏弧菌”.
33.This bacterium has the special property that it makes light, so it makes bioluminescence, like fireflies make light.
这种细菌的特性是会发光， 产生生物荧光, 像萤火虫一样。
34.We’re not doing anything to the cells here.
我们没有对这些细胞做任何处理。
35.We just took the picture by turning the lights off in the room, and this is what we see.
我们只是把房间灯关了，然后照了这张照片， 这是我们所见到的情形。
36.What was actually interesting to us was not that the bacteria made light, but when the bacteria made light.
事实上, 我们感兴趣的部分 并不是细菌会不会发光， 而是细菌何时发光。
37.What we noticed is when the bacteria were alone, so when they were in dilute suspension, they made no light.
我们发现, 当细菌独立存在, 经稀释后进行悬浮培养时, 它们不发光。
38.But when they grew to a certain cell number all the bacteria turned on light simultaneously.
但一旦它们增长到一个特定数量之后 所有的细菌同时发光。
39.The question that we had is how can bacteria, these primitive organisms, tell the difference from times when they’re alone, and times when they’re in a community,
于是我们想, 这些原始生物, 到底如何得知自己是处于孤立的状态, 还是处在一个群体里，
40.and then all do something together.
并且同时一起做同一件事情。
41.What we’ve figured out is that the way that they do that is that they talk to each other, and they talk with a chemical language.
然后我们发现了这是因为细菌能够彼此交谈， 它们用的是化学语言。
42.This is now supposed to be my bacterial cell.
假设这是我的细菌。
43.When it’s alone it doesn’t make any light.
当它独处时, 丝毫不会发光。
44.But, what it does do is to make and secrete small molecules that you can think of like hormones, and these are the red triangles, and when the bacteria is alone
但是它们会制造分泌小化学分子 你可以把他想象成荷尔蒙, 这里的红色三角形代表这些小分子, 当细菌独处时，
45.the molecules just float away and so no light.
分泌的小分子游离开来,所以不发光。
46.But when the bacteria grow and double and they’re all participating in making these molecules, the molecule — the extracellular amount of that molecule
随着这些细菌成倍增长, 且全部一起制造这些分子, 这些细胞外分子的含量
47.increases in proportion to cell number.
随着细胞数量的增加而增加，
48.And when the molecule hits a certain amount that tells the bacteria how many neighbors there are, they recognize that molecule and all of the bacteria turn on light in synchrony.
当这些个分子累积到一定的量之后， 它们会告诉了细菌，它们周围有多少邻居， 细菌接受到这些信息后， 所有的细菌，同时开始发光。
49.That’s how bioluminescence works — they’re talking with these chemical words.
生物光就是这样运作的 — 它们籍由上述的化学语言交流。
50.The reason that Vibrio fischeri is doing that comes from the biology.
费氏弧菌的发光现象来自生物学上的原因。
51.Again, another plug for the animals in the ocean, Vibrio fischeri lives in this squid.
接下来,我们再来看一个海洋生物： 费式弧菌寄生在这种乌贼的体内。
52.What you are looking at is the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid, and it’s been turned on its back, and what I hope you can see are these two glowing lobes
你们现在看到的是夏威夷截尾乌贼, 这是它的腹侧, 我希望你们看得到，那两个发着光的叶状突起，
53.and these house the Vibrio fischeri cells, they live in there, at high cell number that molecule is there, and they’re making light.
这里是费式弧菌的寄生之处， 他们居住在这里面。 他们分泌的小分子也在这里面,所以它们能够发光。
54.The reason the squid is willing to put up with these shenanigans is because it wants that light.
这种乌贼之所以愿意接受它们在里面胡作非为 是因为它需要这些亮光。
55.The way that this symbiosis works is that this little squid lives just off the coast of Hawaii, just in sort of shallow knee deep water.
这种共存行为的建立基础 是因为这种小乌贼生活在夏威夷的海岸， 大概只有膝盖一般深的水里。
56.The squid is nocturnal, so during the day it buries itself in the sand and sleeps, but then at night it has to come out to hunt.
这种乌贼是夜行性的， 因此在白天它们藏在沙子里睡觉， 但是到了晚上，它们必须出来猎食。
57.On bright nights when there is lots of starlight or moonlight that light can penetrate the depth of the water the squid lives in, since it’s just in those couple feet of water.
在有着许多星光与月光的明亮夜晚， 这些光线可以照透乌贼所生活的地方 因为这里的海水只有数尺深而已
58.What the squid has developed is a shutter that can open and close over this specialized light organ housing the bacteria.
这种乌贼演化出了一种活叶瓣， 可以打开或关闭细菌所寄生的发光器官。
59.Then it has detectors on its back so it can sense how much starlight or moonlight is hitting its back.
这种乌贼背上有一些感光装置， 可以测量有多少月光或星光照在它背上，
60.And it opens and closes the shutter so the amount of light coming out of the bottom — which is made by the bacterium — exactly matches how much light hits the squid’s back,
然后调节它的活叶瓣。 使从它腹部所放出的光 细菌产生的光 完全符合照射在乌贼背上的光强度
61.so the squid doesn’t make a shadow.
因此这乌贼就不会产生任何影子。
62.It actually uses the light from the bacteria to counter-illuminate itself in an anti-predation device so predators can’t see its shadow,
它们使用来自细菌的光， 不断调节光线，就像穿上隐身衣， 使猎食者无法看见它的阴影，
63.calculate its trajectory, and eat it.
计算它的动向，然后吃了它。
64.This is like the stealth bomber of the ocean.
就像是大海中的隐形轰炸机一般。
65.(Laughter) But then if you think about it, the squid has this terrible problem because it’s got this dying, thick culture of bacteria
（笑声） 但是如果你再深入地想一下，这乌贼会有一个可怕的问题 因为在它的体内，这些黏稠的细菌会不断的增长，死亡，
66.and it can’t sustain that.
乌贼无法无限地维持这种状态。
67.And so what happens is every morning when the sun comes up the squid goes back to sleep, it buries itself in the sand, and it’s got a pump that’s attached to its circadian rhythm,
因此每天早上太阳升起后， 它将自己埋藏在沙子里睡觉， 它有一个与日夜周期同步的活泵
68.and when the sun comes up it pumps out like 95 percent of the bacteria.
当太阳升起时，它将大约95%的细菌排出体外。
69.Now the bacteria are dilute, that little hormone molecule is gone, so they’re not making light — but of course the squid doesn’t care. It’s asleep in the sand.
当细菌被稀释了，这些小荷尔蒙分子也随之消失， 因此它们就不发光了， 但这时乌贼完全不在乎，因为它正在沙子里睡觉呢。
70.And as the day goes by the bacteria double, they release the molecule, and then light comes on at night, exactly when the squid wants it.
当白天过去，这些细菌持续分裂增长， 它们释放出足够的这些小分子，然后又开始在晚上发光， 这时正好又是乌贼需要光线的时候。
71.First we figured out how this bacterium does this, but then we brought the tools of molecular biology to this to figure out really what’s the mechanism.
我们首先了解了这些细菌为什么会有这种现象， 然后我们使用分子生物学的方法 来研究这种现象的真正的机理。
72.And what we found — so this is supposed to be, again, my bacterial cell — is that Vibrio fischeri has a protein — that’s the red box — it’s an enzyme that makes
我们发现了：比如这是我的费氏弧菌 它有一种蛋白质－ 就是这个红色的方块—它是一种催化剂，
73.that little hormone molecule — the red triangle.
是它制造的这种小荷尔蒙分子，就是这红色三角形。
74.And then as the cells grow, they’re all releasing that molecule into the environment, so there’s lots of molecule there.
当细胞生长时，他们全都释放这个种分子到环境中， 因此周围环境中有大量的这种分子。
75.And the bacteria also have a receptor on their cell surface that fits like a lock and key with that molecule.
这些细菌的细胞表面，存在一种受体， 它与小分子的构造就如同锁与钥匙一般的吻合。
76.These are just like the receptors on the surfaces of your cells.
它们就如同你我身体细胞表面上的受体一般。
77.When the molecule increases to a certain amount — which says something about the number of cells — it locks down into that receptor
当这些分子增加到一定的量时— 这也意味着这些细胞的数量增加到一定的量 荷尔蒙小分子与受器相结合，
78.and information comes into the cells that tells the cells to turn on this collective behavior of making light.
讯息开始向细胞内部传递， 这个讯息会告诉这些细胞 开始集体发光的行为。
79.Why this is interesting is because in the past decade we have found that this is not just some anomaly of this ridiculous, glow-in-the-dark bacterium that lives in the ocean —
这个发现之所以有趣，是因为在过去十年间 我们发现这种现象， 不只局限在这种住在大海中，古怪的、会在黑暗中发光的细菌，
80.all bacteria have systems like this.
而是所有的细菌都有类似的系统。
81.So now what we understand is that all bacteria can talk to each other.
由此，我们发现所有细菌都是可以彼此交谈的。
82.They make chemical words, they recognize those words, and they turn on group behaviors that are only successful when all of the cells participate in unison.
它们制造化学文字，同时也能够辨认这些文字， 然后表现 只有当所有细胞齐心协力才能成功的集体行为。
83.We have a fancy name for this, we call it quorum sensing.
我们为这种行为取了一个新潮的名字，称作：聚量感应。
84.They vote with these chemical votes, the vote gets counted, and then everybody responds to the vote.
就象用化学物质投票， 再对票量加以统计，然后 所有细胞都要服从最后的投票结果。
85.What’s important for today’s talk is that we know that there are hundreds of behaviors that bacteria carry out in these collective fashions.
今天演讲最重要的一点是， 我们已经知道细菌有数百种以上的这种 集体行为。
86.But the one that’s probably the most important to you is virulence.
其中对大家来说，最关心的应该还是细菌的致病性。
87.It’s not like a couple bacteria get in you and they start secreting some toxins — you’re enormous, that would have no effect on you. You’re huge.
并不是说少量细菌进入你体内后 就马上开始分泌毒素。 相对它们来说，你是个庞然大物，少量细菌对你不会有任何的影响。
88.What they do, we now understand, is they get in you, they wait, they start growing, they count themselves with these little molecules,
我们发现， 它们是先进入你的体内，然后等待，开始不断复制增长， 它们由统计小分子的数目来估计自身的实力，
89.and they recognize when they have the right cell number that if all of the bacteria launch their virulence attack together, they are going to be successful at overcoming an enormous host.
当确定有足够的细胞数后， 所有细菌一起发动致病攻击， 这样它们就能成功攻陷巨大的宿主。
90.Bacteria always control pathogenicity with quorum sensing.
细菌总是以「聚量感应」来控制其致病性
91.That’s how it works.
这就是它们运作的原理。
92.We also then went to look at what are these molecules — these were the red triangles on my slides before.
我们同时也研究了这些小分子， 这些就是我刚才幻灯上的小红三角形。
93.This is the Vibrio fischeri molecule.
这个是费氏弧菌的小分子。
94.This is the word that it talks with.
也就是它们用以交谈的文字。
95.So,then we started to look at other bacteria, and these are just a smattering of the molecules that we’ve discovered.
我们开始研究其他细菌， 这些是部份我们已发现小分子
96.What I hope you can see is that the molecules are related.
我希望你们看得出来 这些分子之间是有关联性的。
97.The left-hand part of the molecule is identical in every single species of bacteria.
每种细菌， 它们的小分子的左半部都是完全相同的。
98.But the right-hand part of the molecule is a little bit different in  every single species.
只是在右半部则因菌种的不同而有少许的不同。
99.What that does is to confer exquisite species specificities to these languages.
这个发现证实 细菌的语言有高度的专一性。
100.Each molecule fits into its partner receptor and no other.
每一种分子只能与其相对受器结合，非常专一。
101.So these are private, secret conversations.
所以这些交谈是私下的、秘密的。
102.These conversations are for intraspecies communication.
这种交流是只限于同种族内部的沟通。
103.Each bacteria uses a particular molecule that’s its language, that allows it to count its own siblings.
每一种细菌使用其特殊分子代表它的语言， 让它能够计算同类的数量。
104.Once we got that far we thought we were starting to understand that bacteria have these social behaviors.
一旦我们了解这些， 我们也开始了解细菌有所谓的社交行为。
105.But what we were really thinking about is that most of the time bacteria don’t live by themselves, they live in incredible mixtures,
但我们真正思考的问题是， 在多数情况下，细菌并不是单独生活的，它们居住的地方是鱼龙混杂的，
106.with hundreds or thousands of other species of bacteria.
它们跟其它成百上千种的细菌同居一处。
107.And that’s depicted on this slide. This is your skin.
这张幻灯可以说明这个情形：这是你的皮肤。
108.So this is just a picture — a micrograph of your skin.
这是一张照片，是你皮肤的显微照片。
109.Anywhere on your body, it looks pretty much like this, and what I hope you can see is that there’s all kinds of bacteria there.
在你身体的任何地方，看上去都会和这差不多。 我希望你能看出，这里有各种不同的细菌。