PaulMacCready_用太阳能飞行【中英文对照】

1.I am known best for human-powered flight, but that was just one thing that got me going in the sort of things that I’m working in now.
我是由人力飞行器成名的， 但这只是一个开始 后来我还做了很多其他的项目。
2.As a youngster, I was very interested in model airplanes, ornithopters, autogyros, helicopters, gliders, power planes, indoor models, outdoor models — everything,
年少时我对模型飞机很感兴趣， 像是扑翼飞机啦，旋翼飞机啦，直升机，滑翔机，螺旋桨机， 室内玩的室外玩的，什么都有。
3.which I just thought was a lot of fun, and wondered why most other people didn’t share my same enthusiasm with them.
我当时只是觉得好玩， 当然也好奇为什么大多数人对它们不感冒。
4.And then, navy pilot training and, after college, I got into sail plane flying, power plane flying, and considered the sail planes as a sort of hobby and fun,
后来我接受了海军里的飞行训练，大学后， 我开始飞滑翔机，螺旋桨飞机， 我把飞滑翔机当成是一个兴趣，
5.but got tangled up with some great professor types, who convinced me and everybody else in the field, that this was a good way to get into really deep science.
但是也接触了一些专家， 他们说服我和业界的其他人， 滑翔机正是深入研究空气动力科学的入门之道。
6.While this was all going on, I was in the field of weather modification, although getting PhD in aeronautics.
当时我在做改良气候的工作， 虽然后来在航空学拿到了博士。
7.The weather modification subject was getting started, and as a graduate student, I could go around to the various talks that were being given,
那时改良气候的计划刚刚起步， 我还是研究生， 搭便车在东海岸到处跑，
8.on a hitchhiker ride to the East coast, and so on, and everybody would talk to me, but all the professionals in the field hated each other,
到处听报告。 人人都乐意和我接触， 但是同行皆敌手，
9.and they wouldn’t communicate. And as a result, I got the absolutely unique background in that field, and started a company, which did more research
他们自己之间都没有交流。结果， 我反而得到了独一无二的背景知识， 还成立了一个公司，做气候改良的研究，
10.in weather modification than anybody, and there are a lot of things that I just can’t go into.
比谁成果都多。 但也有很多事我没时间去研究。
11.But then, 1971 started AeroVironment, with no employees — then one or two, three, and sort of fumbled along on trying to get interesting projects.
那时，1971年AeroVironment成立了，从无到有， 从小变大， 摸索着做了很多有意思的项目。
12.We had AirDynanisis’, who, like I, did not want to work for Aerospace companies on some big, many-year project, and so we did our small projects, and the company slowly grew.
我们招了一些空气动力学家 他们和我一样，并不想替航空航天工业做事情， 不想参与大型的，做很多年的项目， 所以我们做了一系列小项目，公司成长缓慢。
13.The thing that is exciting was, in 1976, I suddenly got interested in the human powered airplane because I’d made a made a loan to a friend of $100,000,
1976年令人兴奋的事情发生了， 我突然开始对人力飞行器感兴趣。 因为我帮朋友向银行借了十万美元，
14.or I guaranteed the money at the bank.
在银行做他的担保，
15.He needed them — he needed the money for starting a company.
因为他需要钱开公司。
16.The company did not succeed, and he couldn’t pay the money back, and I was the guarantor of the note. So I had $100,000 debt, and I noticed that the Kramer prize for human-powered flight,
但是公司砸了，他也没钱还银行， 因为我是担保人，这十万美元的债就是我的了。 我发现给人力飞机有个Kramer奖，
17.which had then been around for — 17 years at the time, was £50,000, which, at the exchange rate, was just about $100,000.
这个奖项已经设立有 十七年了，积累了五万英镑， 兑换下来，正好是差不多十万美元。
18.So suddenly, I was interested in human-powered flight, (Laughter) and did not — the way I approached it, first, thinking about ways to make the planes,
所以突然一下子人力飞行器变得可爱了。 （笑声） 最初我试的方法是， 试着做飞机，
19.was just like they’d been doing in England, and not succeeding, and I gave it up. I figured, nah, there isn’t any simple, easy way,
就像是他们在英国试着做但是没成功的， 我也放弃了。我知道是没有捷径的。
20.but then got off on a vacation trip, and was studying bird flight, just for the fun of it, and you can watch a bird soaring around in circles,
后来我做了个度假旅行，学了一些鸟类飞行的知识， 纯粹是感兴趣而已。 你能观察一只鸟打圈飞翔。
21.and measure the time, and estimate the bank angle, and immediately, figure out its speed, and the turning radius, and so on, which I could do in the car as we driving along on a vacation trip,
测量时间，估计倾斜角， 马上就能知道它的速度， 转弯半径什么的。 我在去度假旅行的路上，开车的时候就玩这个。
22.(Laughter) with my three sons, young sons, helping me, but ridiculing the whole thing very much.
（笑声） 同行的有我的三个儿子，都还年轻，帮着我， 但是他们也觉得挺滑稽的。
23.The — but that began thinking about how birds went around, and then how airplanes would — how hang gliders would fly, and then other planes,
但我开始思考鸟类是怎么飞的， 那么飞机，滑翔机又应该怎么飞呢， 别的飞机该怎么飞呢，
24.and the idea of the Gossamer Condor type airplane quickly emerged, was so logical, one should have thought of it in the first place,
很快地模仿戈萨默秃鹰的飞机就设计出来了， 这是多么合逻辑，我们早该想到了。
25.but one didn’t, and it was just keep the weight down.
但我们没有（想到模仿鸟）。其实只要保持飞机很轻，
26.70lbs was all it weighed, but let the size swell up, like a hang glider, but three times the span, three times the cord, you’re down to a third of the speed, a third of the power,
整个飞机是70磅，再把飞机做大，像是滑翔机翼的样子， 但是是滑翔机翼的三倍宽，三倍长， 你只需要三分之一的速度就能飞，三分之一的动力，
27.and a good bicyclist can put out that power, and that worked, and we won the prize a year later.
一个好的自行车运动员就能踩出这样的动力。这样就成功了。 我们一年后拿了那个奖，
28.We didn’t — a lot of flying, a lot of experiments, a lot of things that didn’t work, and ones that did work, and the plane kept getting a little better, a little better.
那么多的试飞，那么多的实验，那么多的努力都没成， 只有一个成了，那个飞机变得越来越完美。
29.Got a good pilot, Brian Allen, to operate it, and finally, succeeded but unfortunately, about $65,000 was spent on the project.
我们请了一个很好的飞行员，布莱恩 亚伦来驾驶， 最后成功了，但不幸的是， 做这个项目花了六万五千美元。
30.(Laughter) And there was only about $30,000 to help retire the debt.
（笑声） 只剩了三万还债，
31.But fortunately, Henry Kramer, who put up the prize for — that was a one mile flight, put up a new prize for flying the English Channel, 21 miles,
幸运的是，Henry Kramer， 那个奖的设立者， 又设了一个奖 （之前的是飞一英里的奖）， 征人飞越英吉利海峡，二十一英里宽，
32.and he thought it would take another 18 years for somebody to win that.
他以为要等到另一个十八年后才会有人得这个奖。
33.We realized that, if you just cleaned up our Gossamer Condor a little bit, the power to fly would be decreased a little bit, and if you decrease the power required, a little,
我们意识到，只要对我们的秃鹰号稍加改进， 飞行需要的动力就会变小一点， 如果动力需求能变小一点点，
34.the pilot can fly a much longer period of time.
飞行员能坚持的时间就长得多。
35.And Brian Allen was able, in a miraculous flight, to get the Gossamer Albatross across the English Channel, and we won the 200,000 — ??100,000, $200,000 prize for that,
结果布莱恩 亚伦真的创造了奇迹， 把秃鹰号飞越了英吉利海峡， 我们又赢了二十万，十万英镑，二十万美元。
36.and when all expenses were paid, the debt was handled, and everything was fine.
这样所有的成本都回来了，债也还清了，皆大欢喜。
37.It turned out that giving the planes to the museum was worth much more than the debt, so for five years, six years, I only had to pay one third income tax.
后来我发现原来把飞机捐给博物馆， 不光能还债还有余。 因为接下来的五六年里，我都只用交三分之一的所得税。
38.So there were good economic reasons for the project, but — (Laughter) That’s not — well, the project was done entirely for economic reasons,
所以这个项目非常值。 （笑声） 当然了，做这个计划是奔钱去的，
39.and we have not been involved in any human-powered flight since then (Laughter) because the prizes are all over, (Laughter) but that sure started me thinking about various things,
我们之后再也没有做过和人力飞行器相关的东西。 （笑声） 没奖金了么。 （笑声） 但这个计划也启发了我，
40.and immediately, we began making a solar-powered plane because we felt solar power was going to be so important for the country and the world,
马上我们就开始做太阳能飞机。 因为我们意识到对整个国家，整个世界， 太阳能会变得很重要。
41.we didn’t want the small funding in the government to be decreased, which is what the government was trying to do with it, and we thought a solar-powered plane wouldn’t, really, make sense,
我们不希望政府进一步缩减本来稀薄的基金， 这样的情况正在发生， 我们认为太阳能飞机其实不是真有用，
42.but you could do it, and it would get a lot of publicity for solar power and maybe help the field.
但是如果我们做成了，公众对太阳能会有更高的认同， 我们就能帮助这个领域（发展下去）。
43.And that project continued, did succeed, and we then got into other projects in aviation and mechanical things and ground devices.
这个计划进行了下去，也成功了。 我们接下来又在航空学方面做了其他的课题， 机械方面的，地面设施等等。
44.But while this was going on, in 1982, I got a prize from the Lindbergh Foundation — their annual prize — and I had to prepare a paper on it,
在进行这些研究时， 1982年，我得了一个林伯赫奖—— 是个每年都有的奖—— 我得准备一篇演讲，
45.which collected all my varied thoughts, and varied interests over the years.
包括多年来 所有我的千奇百怪的点子和我的兴趣所在。
46.This was the one chance that I had to focus on what I, really, was after, and what was important. And to my surprise, I realized the importance of environmental issues,
这是头一次我仔细想清楚我在追求什么， 什么对我是重要的。令我惊讶的是， 我发现环境问题是非常重要的。
47.which Charles Lindbergh devoted the last third of his life to, and preparing that paper did me a lot of good.
查理 林伯赫 后半生都在致力于环境事业。 准备这篇演讲对我很有帮助。
48.I thought back about if I was a space traveler, and came and visited Earth every 5,000 years, and for a few thousand visits, I would see the same thing every time,
我想象如果我是星际旅行家， 每五千年来地球旅行一次， 头几千次的访问，我看到的是同样的东西，
49.the little differences in the Earth.
地球没有什么变化。
50.But this last time, just coming round, right now, suddenly, there’d be huge changes in the environment, in the concentration of people,
但是这最后一次访问，如果是现在， 突然间环境改变了很多， 到处都是人，
51.and it was just unbelievable, the amount of — all the change in it.
这简直是不可思议，多少事情变化了。
52.I wanted to — well, one of the biggest changes is, 200 years ago, we began using coal from underground, which has a lot of pollution,
我想，最大的变化之一是两百年前， 我们开始掘煤燃煤，导致了很多污染，
53.and 100 years ago, began getting gasoline from underground, with a lot of pollution, and gasoline consumption — or production, will reach its limit in about ten years, and then go down,
另外一百年前，我们开始开采石油， 也导致了很多污染，石油开采，或者说石油生产， 将在十年之后达到顶峰，之后只能走下坡，
54.and we wonder what’s going to happen with transportation.
我不知道将来我们要怎么交通。
55.I wanted to show the slide — this slide, I think, is the most important one any of you will see, ever, because (Laughter) (Applause)
我想放一个幻灯片—— 这张，是最最重要的一张幻灯，是你们有生以来最重要的。 （笑声） （掌声）
56.it shows nature versus humans, and goes from 1850 to 2050, and so, the year 2000, you see there, and this is the weight of all air and land vertebrates.
因为这张幻灯展示了自然和人类的关系，从1850年到2050年。 在2000年，你能看到， 这是有多少空中和陆地上的脊椎动物。
57.Humans and muskrats, and giraffes, and birds and so on, are — the red line goes up, that’s the humans, and livestock, and pets portion.
人类，麝鼠，长颈鹿，鸟类，等等—— 红线持续上升，这是人类，牲畜和家养动物。
58.The green line goes down, that’s the wild nature portion.
绿线持续下降，这是野生动物。
59.Humans, livestock and pets are, now, 98% of the total world’s mass of vertebrates on land and air, and you don’t know what the future will hold,
人类，牲畜和宠物现在占了全世界空中和陆地上的 脊椎动物的百分之九十八， 未来还不知道会怎么样，
60.but it’s not going to get a lower percentage.
但是这个百分比是不会下降的。
61.10,000 years ago, the humans, and livestock, and pets were not even one tenth of 1% and wouldn’t even have been visible on such a curve,
一万年前，人类，牲畜和宠物， 还不到百分之零点一， 在这张图上根本看不见。
62.now they are 98%, and it is — I think, shows human domination of the Earth.
现在已经是百分之九十八了，这一现象，我认为，说明了人类主宰了地球。
63.I give a talk to some remarkable high school students each summer, and ask them, after they’ve asked me questions, and I give them a talk and so on. Then I ask them questions.
每年夏天我都会给一些天才高中生演讲， 我会给他们出题，在他们问了我问题， 我讲了课之后，我会给他们出道题：
64.What’s the population of the Earth?
世界上有多少人口?
65.What’s the population of the Earth going to be when you’re the age of your parents?
当你到了你父母现在的年纪， 世界上又会有多少人？
66.Which I’d never, really — they had never, really, thought about but, now, they think about it.
这是我从来没有——他们也从没想过的问题。 但是现在他们得好好想想。
67.And then, what population of the Earth would be an equilibrium that could continue on, and be for 2050, 2100, 2150?
接下来，什么时候世界人口会到达平衡， 持续不变，一直到2050年，2100年，或是2150年？
68.And they form little groups, all fighting with each other, and when I leave, two hours later, most of them are saying about 2 billion people,
他们分成小组，互相辩论， 我两小时后回来， 大多数人认为二十亿人口（是平衡点）。
69.and they don’t have any clue about how to get down to 2 billion, nor do I, but I think they’re right and this is a serious problem.
但是他们不知道怎么控制人口在二十亿。 我也不知道。但是他们是对的，这是个严重问题。
70.Rachel Carson was thinking of these, and came out with Silent Spring, way back.
瑞秋 卡森很久前就考虑过这个问题，写了“寂静的春天”一书。
71.Solar Manifesto by Hermann Scheer, in Germany, claims all energy on Earth can be derived, for every country, from solar energy and water, and so on,
德国赫曼 施齐尔的“太阳的宣言”一书 宣称全世界所有国家需要的能源， 都能从太阳能和水能等等能源中获得。
72.you don’t need to dig down for these chemicals, and we can do things much more efficiently.
你不需要开采别的化学物质， 我们还能更有效率的得到能源。
73.Let’s have the next slide.
让我们看看下一张幻灯。
74.So this just summarizes it, “Over billions of years, on a unique sphere, chance has painted a thin covering of life, complex and probable, wonderful and fragile.
这张是个总结：“亿万年来， 机遇在这个独一无二的星球上，薄薄地涂了一层生命， 复杂而充满机遇，伟大而精巧易碎。
75.Suddenly, we humans, a recently arrived species, no longer subject to the checks and balances inherent in nature, have grown in population, technology and intelligence
突然间，我们人类，刚刚降临， 不愿臣服于自然的控制和平衡之下， 疯狂扩张着人口，科技和智慧，
76.to a position of terrible power. We, now, wield the paintbrush.”
拥有了可怕的权力。我们，现在，执掌了画笔。”
77.We’re in charge. It’s frightening.
我们掌权了，多么可怕。
78.And I do a painting every 20 or 25 years. This is the last one, (Laughter) and shows the Earth in, sort of, a time flag, on the right
每二十年二十五年我都试着画画，这是最近的一张。 （笑声） 这个是地球，右边展示了不同的时期，
79.in trilobites, and dinosaurs and so on, and over the triangle, we now get to civilization, and TV, and traffic jams and so on.
有三叶虫，恐龙什么的， 三角形上，开始有人类社会，有电视 有交通堵塞等等。
80.I have no idea of what comes next, so I just used robotic and natural cockroaches as the future, as, sort of, a little warning, and two weeks after this drawing was done,
我不知道接下来会是什么， 所以我用了机器蟑螂和自然界的蟑螂，来表示未来， 就当时敲一个警钟。 这幅画完成两周后，
81.we, actually, had our first project, contract, at AeroVironment, on robotic cockroaches, which was very frightening to me.
我们公司，接到了第一个项目，第一个合同， 是需要机器蟑螂的，把我吓了一跳。
82.(Laughter) (Paper rustling) Well, that’ll be all the slides we — As time went on, we stopped our environmental programs, we focused, more, on the really serious energy problems
（笑声） （纸张沙沙声） 好的，这是我们今天所有的幻灯—— 时间流逝，我们不再做环境保护的课题了， 我们开始更多聚焦在真正严重的问题上，