PaulEwald_我们能驯化病菌么【中英文对照】

1.What I’d like to do is just drag us all down into the gutter, and actually all the way down into the sewer because I want to talk about diarrhea.
我想做的仅仅是将大家拽下排水沟， 并且实际上，一路下到下水道里 因为我想谈谈痢疾。
2.And in particular, I want to talk about the design of diarrhea.
而且特别是，我想谈谈 痢疾的设计。
3.And when evolutionary biologists talk about design they really mean design by natural selection.
当进化生物学家谈起设计的时候 他们实际上表示的自然选择的设计。
4.And that brings me to the title of the talk, “Using Evolution to Design Disease Organisms Intelligently.”
这就引出了我这次演讲的题目， “通过进化来巧妙地设计病菌”。
5.And I also have a little bit of a sort of smartass subtitle to this.
并且我也有一个稍显聪明一些的副标题。
6.But I’m not just doing this to be cute.
但我这么说不是为了引人注目。
7.I really think that this subtitle explains what somebody like me, who’s sort of a Darwin wannabe, how they actually look at one’s role in
我确实认为这个副标题说明了 像我这样的达尔文的崇拜者， 他们事实上是如何看待一个人在
8.sort of coming into this field of health sciences and medicine.
健康科学和医学领域中的角色。
9.It’s really not a very friendly field for evolutionary biologists.
对进化生物学家们来说这真不是个友好的领域。
10.You actually see a great potential, but you see a lot of people who are sort of defending their turf, and may actually be very resistant when one tries
你确实看到了巨大的潜力， 但你也会看到许多人固步自封， 实际上这些人在他人试图
11.to introduce ideas.
提出新观点时也许会非常的抗拒。
12.So, all of the the talk today is going to deal with two general questions.
因此，今天所有的讨论都是为了解决两个普通的问题。
13.One is that, why are some disease organisms more harmful, and a very closely related question, which is, how can we take control of this situation once we understand
一个是，为什么一些病菌更有害， 而一个与之关系非常密切的问题是， 一旦我们有了第一个问题的答案，
14.the answer to the first question?
我们如何才能控制这种情况？
15.How can we make the harmful organisms more mild?
我们如何才能使这些有害病菌的危害变得更轻微些？
16.And I’m going to be talking, to begin with, as I said, about diarrheal disease organisms.
而我将要谈论的，正如我所说，首先从 痢疾病菌开始。
17.And the focus when I’m talking about the diarrheal organisms, as well as the focus when I’m talking about any organisms that cause acute infectious disease
并且，当我谈论痢疾病菌时， 同样，当我谈论任何 导致急性传染病的病菌时，
18.is to think about the problem from a germ’s point of view.
重点是从细菌的角度来思考这类问题。
19.Germ’s eye view.
细菌的视角。
20.And in particular to think about a fundamental idea which I think makes sense out of a tremendous amount of variation in the harmfulness of disease organisms.
尤其是考虑一个基本的观点， 我认为在有害的病菌中出现 大量的变异是合理的。
21.And that idea is that from the germ’s eye point of view, disease organisms have to get from one host to another, and often they have to rely on the well-being of the host
这一观点是从细菌的角度来看的， 病菌不得不从一个宿主迁移到另一个宿主， 并且它们通常不得不依赖于健康的宿主
22.to move them to another host.
把它们迁移到另一个宿主上。
23.But not always.
但并不总是这样。
24.Sometimes you get disease organisms that don’t rely on host mobility at all for transmission.
有时你染上的病菌 根本不依赖于宿主的移动性来传播。
25.And when you have that, then evolutionary theory tells us that natural selection will favor the more exploitative, more predator-like organisms.
而当你染上他们后，进化论告诉我们 自然选择会倾向于更会取巧的， 更有侵略性的细菌。
26.So natural selection will favor organisms that are more likely to cause damage.
所以，自然选择会倾向于 更能造成破坏的细菌。
27.If instead transmission to another host requires host mobility, then we expect that the winners of the competition will be the milder organisms.
如果传播至另一宿主依靠原宿主的移动性， 那么我们可以预料竞争的胜利者 将是那些温和的细菌。
28.So, if the pathogen doesn’t need the host to be healthy and active and actual selection favors pathogens that take advantage of those hosts,
不过，如果病菌不需要宿主保持健康和活力 而且实际上自然选择倾向于选择 从宿主获利的细菌，
29.the winners in the competition are those that exploit the hosts for their own reproductive success.
竞争的胜利者就是那些为了繁殖成功 而剥削宿主的病菌。
30.But if the host needs to be mobile in order to transmit the pathogen then it’s the benign ones that tend to be the winners.
但是，如果需要宿主移动来传播病菌， 那么那些温和的病菌往往会成为胜利者。
31.So I’m going to begin by applying this idea to diarrheal diseases.
所以，我将从把这些观点应用于痢疾病菌作为（我的演讲的）开始。
32.Diarrheal disease organisms get transmitted in basically three ways.
痢疾病菌有三种基本的传播途径。
33.They can be transmitted from person-to-person contact, person-to-food-then-to-person contact when somebody eats contaminated food.
它们能够通过人与人间的接触传播， 当某人吃了被污染的食物时， 会发生从人到食物再到人的传播。
34.Or they can be transmitted through the water.
或者它们能通过水进行传播。
35.And when they’re transmitted through the water, unlike the first two modes of transmission, these pathogens don’t rely on a healthy host for transmission.
当他们通过水传播时， 不像前两种传播方式， 这些病菌并不依赖于健康的宿主进行传播。
36.A person can be sick in bed and still infect tens, even hundreds of other individuals.
一个卧病在床的人仍能传染数以十计，甚至数以百计的 其他人。
37.To sort of illustrate that, this diagram emphasizes that if you’ve got a sick person in bed, somebody’s going to be taking out the contaminated materials.
为了说明这些，这个图表表明， 如果有一个卧床的病人， 总得有人来处理那些被污染的物品。
38.They’re going to wash those contaminated materials, and then the water may move into sources of drinking water.
他们将清洗这些被污染的物品， 然后用于清洗的水可能会流至饮用的水源。
39.People will come in to those places where you’ve got contaminated drinking water, bring things back to the family, may drink right at that point.
人们将到这些水源处取用 这些被污染的饮用水， 带着他们回到家中， 他们也许在那儿就会喝一些水。
40.The whole point is that a person who can’t move can still infect many other individuals.
重点是，一个不能移动的人 仍会传染其他许多人。
41.And so the theory tells us that when diarrheal disease organisms are transported by water we expect them to be more predator-like, more harmful.
因此，这理论告诉我们 当痢疾病菌通过水进行传播时， 我们认为它们会变得更有侵略性，更加有害。
42.And you can test these ideas.
你可以测试一下这些观点。
43.So one way you can test is just look at all diarrheal bacteria, and see whether or not the ones that tend to be more transmitted by water, tend to be more harmful.
测试它的一个方法就是，仅仅等着看这些痢疾病菌 看看它们是不是更倾向于 通过水进行传播，更加的有害。
44.And the answer is — yep, they are.
答案是 —— 是的，的确是的。
45.Now I put those names in there just for the bacteria buffs, but the main point here is that — (Laughter) there’s a lot of them here, I can tell —
现在我把这些名字放在这儿，仅仅为了细菌迷们， 但是要点是– （笑声） 这儿有许多（细菌迷），我得说–
46.the main point here is that those data points all show a very strong, positive association between the degree to which a disease organism is transmitted by water,
要点是，这些数据点 显示了在两件事之间有很强的正向联系： 那就是这些病菌对水传播的依赖性，
47.and how harmful they are, how much death they cause per untreated infection.
和它们（对人）的危害， 也就是在未治疗的情况下感染它们导致死亡的人数。
48.So this suggests we’re on the right track.
因此这表明我们的思路是正确的。
49.But this, to me, suggests that we really need to ask some additional questions.
但是，对我而言，这表明我们的确需要 问一些附加的问题。
50.Remember the second question that I raised at the outset was, how can we use this knowledge to make disease organisms evolve to be mild?
回想一下我在开始提出的问题中的第二个问题， 我们怎样才能利用这些知识 来使得病菌进化的更加温和？
51.Now this suggests that if you could just block water-borne transmission you could cause disease organisms to shift from the right-hand side of that graph to the left-hand side of the graph.
现在这表明，如果你能阻止水媒传播, 那么就能使病菌从 从这图表的右边转移到左边。
52.But it doesn’t tell you how long.
但是图中并没有表明这需要多久。
53.I mean, if this would require thousands of years then it’s worthless in terms of controlling of these pathogens.
我是说，如果这需要数千年的话， 就控制这些病菌而言就没有意义了。
54.But if it could occur in just a few years then it might be a very important way to control some of the nasty problems that we haven’t been able to control.
但如果这能在仅仅几年中就奏效 那么它也许就是一个非常重要的控制途径， 来控制那些我们没有控制住的严重的问题。
55.In other words, this suggests that we could domesticate these organisms.
换句话说，这表明我们能够 驯化这些病菌。
56.We could make them evolve to be not so harmful to us.
我们能让它们进化的对我们不是那么有害。
57.And so, as I was thinking about this I focused on this organism, which is the El Tor biotype of the organism called Vibrio choleri.
而且，如我所回想起的我所关注的一种病菌， 一种被称为霍乱弧菌的埃尔托生物型细菌。
58.And that is the species of organism that is responsible for causing cholera.
这种类型的细菌 导致了霍乱。
59.And the reason I thought this is a really great organism to look at is that we understand why it’s so harmful.
而我认为这种病菌是个好例子的原因， 是因为我们理解了为什么它如此有害。
60.It’s harmful because it produces a toxin, and that toxin is released when the organism gets into our intestinal tract.
它有害的原因是它产生一种毒素， 并且，当这些病菌在肠道中时 会释放这些毒素。
61.It causes fluid to flow from the cells that line our intestine into the lumen, the internal chamber of our intestine, and then that fluid goes the only way it can, which is out the other end.
这导致了体液从肠细胞流至 肠腔内–肠内部的空间， 然后这些液体去了他们唯一能去的地方，排出体外。
62.And it flushes out thousands of different other competitors that would otherwise make life difficult for the vibrios.
这一过程冲走了数以千计的那些可能会使弧菌生存困难的 各种其他竞争者。
63.So what happens, if you’ve got an organism, it produces a lot of toxin.
所以，如果你感染了一个病菌，会发生什么 它会产生许多毒素。
64.After a few days of infection you end up having — the fecal material really isn’t so disgusting as we might imagine.
感染后的几天的最终结果– 排泄物实际上并不像我们想象的那么恶心。
65.It’s sort of cloudy water.
它是一种浑浊的液体。
66.And if you took a drop of that water you might find a million diarrheal organisms.
如果你去一滴这样的液体 你也许能找到一百万只痢疾病菌。
67.If the organism produced a lot of toxin, you might find 10 million, or 100 million.
如果病菌产生了很多毒素， 你也许会找到一千万或是一亿只。
68.If it didn’t produce a lot of this toxin then you might find a smaller number.
如果它们没有产生很多毒素 那么你也许会找到较少数量的病菌。
69.So the task is to try to figure out how to determine whether or not you could get an organism like this to evolve towards mildness by blocking water-borne transmission,
所以，我们的任务是试着发现 如何来确定我们是否能通过阻止水媒传播 使得这样的病菌朝着更温和的方向进化。
70.thereby allowing the organism only to be transmitted by person-to-person contact, or person-food-person contact.
也就是只允许病菌通过 人与人之间的接触传播， 或者人-食物-人的接触传播。
71.Both of which would really require that people be mobile and fairly healthy for transmission.
这两种方式实际上都需要人们 能移动和有适当的健康来进行传播。
72.Now, I can think of some possible experiments.
现在，我可以考虑一些可能的实验。
73.One would be to take a lot of different strains of this organism — some that produce a lot of toxins, some that produce a little —
一个实验需要许多不同株这类病菌– 一些会产生许多毒素，一些产生很少毒素–
74.and take those strains and spew them out in different countries.
然后把这些株放至不同的国家。
75.Some countries that might have clean water supplies, so that you can’t get water-borne transmission, you expect the organism to evolve to mildness there.
一些国家有清洁的水源供应， 因此不能进行水媒传播， 在那儿，病菌可能会进化的更加温和。
76.Other countries in which you’ve got a lot of water-borne transmission, there you expect these organisms to evolve.
在另一些国家会有很多水媒传播， 这些病菌会朝着
77.towards a high level of harmfulness, right?
更有害的方向进化，对么？
78.There’s a little ethical problem in this experiment.
这个实验会有些道德问题。
79.I was hoping to hear a few gasps at least.
我（原本）以为至少会听到一些人抽冷气。
80.That makes me worry a little bit.
（你们这么容易就接受了这个实验计划，）这倒让我有点担心。
81.(Laughter) But anyhow, the laughter makes me feel a little bit better.
（笑声） 但无论如何，笑声让我感觉更好了点。
82.And this ethical problem’s a big problem.
但是这个道德问题是个大问题。
83.Just to emphasize this, this is what we’re really talking about.
只是为了强调，这是我们所谓的（道德问题）。
84.Here’s a girl who’s almost dead.
这是个差点死去的女孩。
85.She got rehydration therapy, she perked up, within a few days she was looking like a completely different person.
她进行了补水治疗，她重新活泼起来， 在几天内她看起来像完全另外一个人。
86.So we don’t want to run an experiment like that.
所以我们并不想进行这样的一个实验。
87.But interestingly, just that thing happened in 1991.
但是有趣地是，这些事在1991年发生了。
88.In 1991, this cholera organism got into Lima, Peru, and within two months it had spread to the neighboring areas.
1991年，在秘鲁的利马爆发了霍乱， 在两个月内病毒就传播至邻国。
89.Now I don’t know how that happened, and I didn’t have anything to do with it, I promise you.
我现在都不知道这是如何发生的， 而且我也与此无关，我保证。
90.I don’t think anybody knows, but I’m not averse to, once that’s happened, to see whether or not the prediction that we would make, that I did make before, actually holds up.
我不认为有人知道（这是怎么发生的）， 但是我并不反对，一旦一切已经发生， 看看我们做的预测， 我之前做的预测，是不是对的。
91.Did the organism evolve to mildness in a place like Chile, which has some of the most well-protected water supplies in Latin America?
病菌会在像智利那样 有拉美保护得最好的水源供应的地方 进化的更温和么？
92.And did it evolve to be more harmful in a place like Ecuador, which has some of the least well-protected?
它会在那些水源保护的最差的地方，比如厄瓜多尔， 进化的更有害么？
93.And Peru’s got something sort of in between.
而秘鲁的水源供应保护在这两种情况之间，处于中等保护程度。
94.And so, with funding from the Bozack-Kruger Foundation, I got a lot of strains from these different countries and we measured the toxin production in the lab.
因此，由波扎克-克鲁格基金会提供资金支持， 我从不同国家得到了许多菌株 并且，我们在实验室中仔细测量了毒素的生产。
95.And we found that in Chile — within two months of the invasion of Peru you had strains entering Chile.
我们发现在智利–在病毒入侵秘鲁后的两个月内 就会在智利发现菌株。
96.And when you look at those strains, in the very far left-hand side of this graph, you see a lot of variation in the toxin production.
当留心观察这些菌株， 在这幅图的很靠左侧的地方， 你会看到毒素生产中的许多变异。
97.Each dot corresponds to an islet from a different person.
每个点对应着来自不同人的一个样本。
98.A lot of variation on which natural selection can act.
自然选择会导致许多的变异。
99.But the interesting point is, if you look over the 1990s, within a few years the organism’s evolved to be more mild.
但是有趣的地方时，如果你仔细看看90年代， 仅仅几年病菌就进化的更温和。
100.They evolved to produce less toxin.
它们进化的会产生更少毒素。
101.And to just give you a sense of how important this might be, if we look in 1995 we find that there’s only one case of cholera, on average, reported from Chile every two years.
为了让你们对这有多重要有个感觉， 注意一下1995年起，在智利平均每两年 我们只发现一例霍乱。
102.So it’s controlled.
这说明它被控制住了。
103.That’s how much we have in America, cholera that’s acquired endemically.
这就是我们在美洲所了解到的。 霍乱是地方性的。
104.And we don’t think we’ve got a problem here.
而我们不认为这儿有问题。
105.They didn’t — they solved the problem in Chile.
没有–在智利他们解决了这个问题。