Jenny8Lee_寻求左宗棠鸡的由来【中英文对照】

1.There are more Chinese restaurants in this country than McDonald’s, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Wendy’s, combined — 40,000, actually.
在这个国家里的中国餐馆 比麦当劳?，汉堡王?，肯德基?和温蒂快餐?加起来还要多。 事实上，有4万家。
2.Chinese restaurants have played an important role in American history, as a matter of fact.
中餐馆在美国历史上发挥了很重要的作用， 这也是事实。
3.The Cuban missile crisis was resolved in a Chinese restaurant called Yenching Palace in Washington, D.C., which unfortunately is closed now,
古巴导弹危机 是在华盛顿一个名叫“燕京宫”的中餐馆里 解决掉的。 可惜的是，它现在关闭了，
4.and about to be turned into Walgreen’s.
而且要改建成沃尔格林连锁药店。
5.And the house that John Wilkes Booth planned the assassination of Abraham Lincoln is actually also now a Chinese restaurant called Wok ‘n Roll, on H Street in Washington.
而约翰·威尔克斯·布斯 刺杀了林肯总统的那座房子， 现在也变成了一家中餐馆， 就是位于华盛顿的“锅和卷”。
6.(Laughter) And it’s not completely gratuitous, because wok and roll — Chinese food and Japanese foods, so it kind of works out.
（笑声） 这个餐馆名也不是完全没意义的， 因为锅和卷， 中国菜和日本菜， 还是有点关系的。
7.And Americans loved their Chinese foods so much they’ve actually brought it into space.
美国人如此的喜欢中国菜， 他们甚至带上了太空。
8.NASA, for example, serves thermal-stabilized sweet-and-sour pork on its shuttle menu for its astronauts.
比如说，美国宇航局就把恒温的糖醋猪肉 列入了给宇航员准备的航天菜单。
9.So, let me present the question to you: If our benchmark for Americanness is apple pie, you should ask yourself, how often do you eat apple pie,
那么，让我来问你们这样一个问题： 如果我们自身的美国象征是个苹果派， 你应该问你自己， 你多久吃一次苹果派？
10.versus how often do you eat Chinese food.  Right?
还有多久吃一次中国菜？
11.(Laughter) And if you think about it, a lot of the foods that you think of or we think of or Americans think of as Chinese food are barely recognizable to Chinese,
（笑声） 如果你仔细想想， 你就会发现 有很多你们认为，我们认为或者美国人认为是中国菜的食物， 中国人并不认识。
12.for example: beef with broccoli, egg rolls, General Tso’s Chicken, fortune cookies, chop suey, the take-out boxes.
比如说： 西兰花牛肉，蛋卷，左宗棠鸡， 幸运饼干，炒杂烩，外卖盒子。
13.For example, I took a whole bunch of fortune cookies back to China, gave them to Chinese to see how they would react.
例如，我拿了一大盒幸运饼干带回中国， 给中国人吃，来看看他们会有怎样的反应。
14.What is this?
这是什么？
15.Should I try it?
我可以尝尝吗？
16.Try it!
尝一尝。
17.What is it called?
这叫什么名字啊？
18.Fortune cookie.
幸运饼干。
19.There’s a piece of paper inside!
里面有张纸啊～
20.(Laughter) What is this?
（笑声） 这是什么？
21.You’ve won a prize!
你中奖了！
22.What is this?
这是什么？
23.It’s a fortune!
是一个幸运。
24.Tasty!
挺好吃的。
25.So, where are they from?
那么，他们是从哪里来的？
26.The short answer is, actually, they’re from Japan.
简单的说，他们是从日本来的。
27.And in Kyoto, outside, there are still small family-run bakeries that make fortune cookies, as they did over 100 years ago, 30 years before fortune cookies were introduced in the United States.
在京都城外， 现在还有些小型的家庭糕点坊 在制作幸运饼干。 就像他们一百多年以前做的一样。 三十年后幸运饼干就传入了美国。
28.If you see them side by side, there’s yellow and brown.
如果你把他们摆在一起看， 你会发现一个是黄色，一个是棕色。
29.Theirs are actually flavored with miso and sesame paste, so they’re not as sweet as our version.
日式的加入了豆面酱和芝麻酱， 没有我们的甜。
30.So, how did they get to the United States?
那么，他们是怎样传入美国的呢？
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31.Well, the short answer is, the Japanese immigrants came over, and a bunch of the bakers introduced them — including at least one in Los Angeles,
简单说来，日本移民来到了美国， 一群面包师就引进了他们。 洛杉矶至少有一家，
32.and one here in San Francisco called Benkyo-do, which is on the corner of Sutter and Buchanan.
在旧金山这里有一家。 名字叫做学习堂。
33.They back then, actually, made fortune cookies using very much the similar kind of irons that we saw back in Kyoto.
在那时， 他们制作幸运饼干用的模具 和我们在京都看见的非常相似。
34.So, the interesting question is, how do you go from fortune cookies being something that is Japanese to being something that is Chinese?
有意思的是， 幸运饼干是怎么从日本的东西 变成中国的东西了的呢？
35.Well, the short answer is, we locked up all the Japanese during World War II, including those that made fortune cookies, so that’s the time when the Chinese moved in:
简单的说， 二战时，我们收押了所有的日本人， 包括了那些做幸运饼干的人。 就在这时候，中国人来了，
36.kind of saw a market opportunity and took over.
发现了一个市场机遇，就据为己有了。
37.(Laughter) So, fortune cookies: invented by the Japanese, popularized by the Chinese, but ultimately consumed by Americans.
（笑声） 因此，幸运饼干， 由日本人发明， 由中国人推广， 而最终给美国人消费。
38.They are more American than anything else.
他们比任何东西都要具有美国特色。
39.Another one of my favorite dishes: General Tso’s Chicken — which, by the way, in the US Naval Academy is called Admiral Tso’s Chicken.
接下来是我最喜欢的菜肴之一， 左宗棠鸡。 顺便提一下，在美国海军军官学校， 它被叫做左司令鸡。
40.I love this dish.
我喜欢这道菜。
41.The original name in my book was actually called The Long March of General Tso, and he has marched very far indeed, because he is sweet, he is fried, and he is chicken —
在我的书中，它原本被叫做 左宗棠将军的长征。 他确实是前进了非常远， 因为他是甜的，是油炸的，是鸡肉做的——
42.all things that Americans love.
这三样都是美国人最喜欢的。
43.(Laughter) He has marched so far, actually, that the chef who originally invented the dish doesn’t recognize it; he’s kind of horrified.
（笑声） 他前进了如此之远， 连发明了这道菜的厨师都认不出来了。 他有点被吓到了。
44.He’s in Taiwan right now.
他现在在台湾，
45.He’s retired, deaf and plays a lot of Mahjong.
退休了，耳聋了，打很多麻将。
46.So, he — after this I showed him, he got up, and he’s like, “Mominqimiao,”
在我把图片给他看后， 他站起来， 说着“莫名其妙”
47.which means, “This is all nonsense.”
意思是“我完全不明白”
48.and goes back to play his Mahjong game during the afternoon.
然后回去继续打了一下午的麻将。
49.So, another dish. One of my favorites.  Beef with broccoli.
另外一道我喜欢的菜，西兰花牛肉。
50.Broccoli is not a Chinese vegetable; in fact, it is originally an Italian vegetable.
西兰花不是中国的蔬菜， 事实上，它是意大利的蔬菜。
51.It was introduced into the United States in the 1800s, but became popularized in the 1920s and the 1930s.
19世纪初时，引进了美国， 在20世纪20到30年代开始受到欢迎。
52.In fact, the Chinese had their own version of broccoli, which is called Chinese broccoli, but right now, what — they’ve now discovered American broccoli,
中国人也有自己的西兰花， 就是油菜。 但是现在，中国人发现了美国的西兰花，
53.and are importing it as a, sort of, exotic delicacy.
便开始把它当作外国食物来进口。
54.I guarantee you, General Tso never saw a stalk of broccoli in his life — and indeed, that actually was a picture of General Tso.
我可以向你保证，左宗棠将军一辈子都没有见过一株西兰花。 这是一种左宗棠将军的图像。
55.I went to his home town.
我去了他的家乡。
56.This is a billboard that says: “Welcome to the birthplace of General Tso.”
这个宣传栏上写着： “欢迎来到左宗棠的故里。”
57.And I went looking for chicken.
我去寻找小鸡，
58.Finally found a cow — and did find chicken.
最后找到一头母牛～ 还是找到了一些鸡，
59.Believe it or not, these guys were actually crossing the road.
信不信由你， 这些家伙还真在过马路。
60.And — (Laughter) — I actually found a whole bunch of General Tso’s relatives who are still in the little town.
还有～ （笑声） 我发现了一群左宗棠将军的亲戚， 他们仍然在这个小镇上生活。
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61.This guy is now five generations removed from the General; this guy is about seven.
这个人是左宗棠将军的第五代后代， 这个人差不多是第七代。
62.Showed them all the pictures of General Tso Chicken that I showed you, and they’re like, we don’t know this dish.
给他们看了我给你们看的这些左宗棠鸡的图片， 他们都说，我们不知道这道菜。
63.And then they’re like, is this Chinese food?
他们还问，这是中国菜吗？
64.Because it doesn’t look like Chinese food to them.
因为对他们来说，这看上去不像中国菜。
65.But they weren’t kind of surprised I traveled around the world to visit them, because in their eyes he is, after all, a famous Qing dynasty military hero.
但是他们并没有对 我大老远跑来拜访他们 而感到惊讶， 因为在他们看来，左宗棠将军 到底是位著名的清朝名将。
66.He played an important role in the Taiping rebellion, which was a war started by a guy who thought he was the son of God and the baby brother of Jesus Christ.
他在镇压太平天国运动中发挥了重要的作用。 太平天国运动的发起者， 自称是上帝的儿子， 耶稣的亲弟弟。
67.And caused the war that killed 20 million people — still the deadliest civil war in the world to this day.
这场战争中，有2千万人丧生， 至今仍是世界上伤亡最惨重的战争。
68.So, you know, I realized when I was there, General Tso is kind of a lot like Colonel Sanders in America, in that he’s known for chicken and not war.
你知道吗，我那时就意识到了， 左宗棠将军有点像美国的桑德斯上校， 因为他是因为鸡肉而不是战争而闻名。
69.But in China, this guy’s actually known for war and not chicken.
但在中国，他确实是因为战争而不是鸡肉 而闻名。
70.But the granddaddy of all the Chinese-American dishes we probably ought to talk about is chop suey, which was introduced around the turn of the 20th century.
但我们可能要谈到的 所有美式中国菜 的祖师爷 是炒杂烩。 它是在20世纪初的时候 传入美国的。
71.And according to New York Times, in 1904, there was an outbreak of Chinese restaurants all over town, and “the city has gone ‘chop suey’ mad.”
据《纽约时报》指出， 在1904年，整个市镇上下，突然出现了很多中餐馆， “整个城市为了炒杂烩而疯狂。”
72.So it took about 30 years before the Americans realized that, whoa, chop suey is actually not known in China.
过了30多年， 美国人才意识到， 原来在中国，没有人知道炒杂烩。
73.And as this article points out, “The average native of any city in China knows nothing of chop suey.”
就如同这篇文章所指出的一样， “中国任何一个城市里的普通老百姓， 完全不知道炒杂烩。”
74.You know, back then it was a way to show that you were sophisticated and cosmopolitan: if you were a guy and you wanted to impress a girl,
在那时，有一种办法来显示 你很老于世故有世界意识。 如果你是个男人，你想要给一个女孩留下深刻印象，
75.you could take her out on a chop suey date.
那么你可以带她出去吃炒杂烩。
76.I like to say chop suey’s the biggest culinary joke that one culture has ever played on another, because chop suey, if you translate into Chinese,
我想说， 炒杂烩是一个文化给另外一个文化 开的最大的一个烹饪玩笑。 因为炒杂烩， 如果你翻译成中文，
77.means tsap sui, which, if you translate back, means “odds and ends.”
意思是“杂碎”，在翻译过来， 就是“零碎的东西”。
78.So, these people are going around China asking for chop suey, which is sort of like a Japanese guy coming here and saying, I understand you have a very popular dish in your country
因此，很多人去中国要吃炒杂烩， 这就有点像有个日本人 来到美国说， 你知道你们国家有一道非常有名的菜，
79.called “leftovers,” and it is particularly — (Laughter) — right?
叫做“剩菜” （笑声） —— 对吧？
80.And not only that: this dish is particularly popular after that holiday you call Thanksgiving.
还不仅仅是这， 这道菜尤其著名， 是在你们称之为“感恩节”的节日后。
81.(Laughter) So, why — why and where — did chop suey come from?
（笑声） 那么，炒杂烩 为什么，从哪里来呢？
82.Let’s go back to mid-1800s when the Chinese first came to America.
让我们回到19世纪中页， 第一批中国移民来到美国的时候。
83.Now back then, the Americans were not clamoring to eat Chinese food.
那时，美国人 并不喜欢吃中国菜。
84.In fact, they saw this people who landed at their shores as alien.
事实上，他们把这些移民当做外星人。
85.These people weren’t eating dogs — they were eating cats — and they weren’t eating cats — they were eating rats.
这些人没有吃狗肉， 就在吃猫肉， 没有吃猫肉，就在吃老鼠肉。
86.In fact, the New York Times, my esteemed employer, in 1883 ran an article that asked, “Do Chinese eat rats?”
事实上，我尊敬的雇主《纽约时报》 在1883年发表了一篇文章说， “中国人吃老鼠肉吗？”
87.And not the most PC question to be asked today, but if you kind of look at the popular imagery of the time, not so outlandish.
现在看来，这并不是个政治正确的问题， 但是如果你稍微考虑一下当时的普遍情况， 这个问题并没有特别怪异。
88.This is actually a real advertisement for rat poison from the late 1800s, and if you see, under the word “Clears” — very small — it says, “They must go,”
这是19世纪末期的一个真正的 老鼠药广告。 你看，在“清除”这个字下面，非常小的字， 写着，“一定要赶走他们。”
89.which refers not only to the rats, but to the Chinese in their midst, because the way that the food was perceived was that these people who ate foods different from us
这里的“他们”不仅仅是指老鼠， 还指生活在他们当中的中国人。 因为当时人们对于食物的理解方式是， 和我们吃不一样的食物的人，
90.must be different from us.
一定和我们不一样。
91.And another way that you saw, sort of, this sort of, this antipathy towards the Chinese is through documents like this.
你可以看到，对中国人的厌恶情绪 在另外一种方式 表现为这样的文件。
92.This is actually in the Library of Congress; it is a pamphlet published by Samuel Gompers, hero of our American labor movement, and it’s called, “Some Reason for Chinese Exclusion:
这份文件现存于美国国会图书馆； 是由美国劳工运动的英雄， 塞缪尔·龚帕斯发表的。 它叫做“排除华人的一些理由：
93.Meat versus Rice: American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism: Which shall survive?
肉食对大米：美国男人对亚洲苦力 孰胜孰负？
94.And it basically made the argument that Chinese men who ate rice would necessarily bring down the standard of living for American men who ate meat.
这份文件基本上提出了一个论点， 吃大米的中国人 必然会降低吃肉食的美国人的 生活标准。
95.And as a matter of fact, then, this is one of the reasons why we must exclude them from this country So, with sentiments like these,
事实上， 这就是为什么我们一定要把他们排斥在我们国家之外 的原因之一。 因此，有了像这样的观点，
96.the Chinese Exclusion Act was sort of passed between 1882 and 1902, the only time in American history when a group was specifically excluded
《排华法案》在1882年到1902年之间通过了。 那是美国历史上唯一一段时期， 一个群体会因为自己的民族特性
97.for its national origin or ethnicity.
而被特别的排斥。
98.So, in a way, because the Chinese were attacked, and chop suey was created as a defense mechanism.
在某种程度上说，因为中国人被攻击了， 他们就发明了炒杂烩做为一种防卫机制。
99.Now, who came up with the idea of chop suey?
那么，是谁想出来做炒杂烩的呢？
100.There’s a lot of different mysteries, a lot of different legends, but of the ones that I’ve found that I thought was most interesting
这里有很多不同的传说 但在我发现的一些故事中我认为最有趣的
101.is this article from 1904.
是1904年的一篇文章。
102.A Chinese guy named Lem Sen shows up in Chinatown, New York City, and says, I want you guys all to stop making chop suey, because I am the original creator and sole proprietor
一个叫做林森的中国人 出现在了纽约的唐人街，说道， 我要你们所有人都停止做炒杂烩， 因为我是炒杂烩菜的原始的发明者，
103.of the dish known as chop suey.
也是唯一的所有者。
104.And the way that he tells it, there was a guy, there was a famous Chinese diplomat that showed up, and he was told to make a dish that looked very popular
据他所说， 有个人， 有个很著名的中国外交官来了， 别人叫他做一道菜，要看起来很流行，
105.and could, quote, “pass” as Chinese.
可以当作中国菜。
106.And as he said — we would never print this today — but basically, the American man has become very rich.
他还说， 我们今天也许都不会说出来， 但是美国人都变的很有钱了。
107.Lem Sen, who’s this guy: I would have made this money, too, but I’ve spent all this time looking for the American man who stole my recipe.
林森说： 我本可以也赚这么多钱， 但我吧所以时间都花在了寻找那个 偷了我的食谱的美国人。
108.Now I’ve come and found him, and I want my recipe back and I want everyone to stop making chop suey, or pay me for the right to do the same.
现在我来到了这里找到了他， 我想把我的食谱要回来， 我想要每个人都停止制造炒杂烩菜， 要不就付版权费给我。
109.So it was an early exercise of intellectual property rights.
这么看来，这是一次知识产权的 早期运用。
110.So the things is, this kind of idea of Chinese-American food doesn’t exist only in America.
问题是， 这种美式中国菜 并不仅仅存在于美国。
111.In fact, if you think about it, Chinese food is  the most pervasive food on the planet, served on all seven continents, even Antarctica,
只有你想想就会发现， 中国菜是地球上最无处不在的食物， 在七大洲上都有，甚至是南极洲。
112.because Monday night is Chinese food night at McMurdo Station, which is the main scientific station in Antarctica.
因为在南极洲最大的考察站麦克默多站 星期一晚上是中国菜之夜。
113.So, you see different varieties of Chinese food.
有许许多多不同种类的中国菜。
114.For example, there is French Chinese food, where they serve salt and pepper frog legs.
例如，有法式中国菜， 他们提供椒盐蛙腿。
115.There is Italian Chinese food, where they don’t have fortune cookies, so they serve fried gelato.
有意式中国菜， 他们没有幸运饼干， 但他们有油炸意式冰淇淋。
116.My downstairs neighbor, Alessandra, was completely shocked when I told her, “Dude, fried gelato is not Chinese.”
我的楼下邻居亚历山大 在我告诉她 “伙计，油炸意式冰淇淋不是中国的。”之后无比震惊。
117.She’s like, “It’s not?
她说，“不是的？
118.But they serve it in all the Chinese restaurants in Italy.”
但在意大利的每一家中餐馆都有的吃。”
119.(Laughter) And even the Brits have their own version.
（笑声） 英国人也有有自己特色的中国菜。
120.This is a dish called crispy shredded beef, which has a lot of crisp, a lot of shred, and not a lot of beef.
这道菜叫做酥碎牛肉丝， 有很多酥皮，很多碎屑，没有很多牛肉。
121.There is West Indian Chinese food, there’s Jamaican Chinese food, there is Middle Eastern Chinese food, there’s Mauritian Chinese food.
还有西印度中国菜， 牙买加式中国菜， 中东中国菜， 毛里求斯中国菜。
122.This is a dish called Magic Bowl that I discovered.
我发现了一道叫做魔术之碗 的菜。
123.There’s Indian Chinese food, Korean Chinese food, Japanese Chinese food, where they take the bao, the little buns, and they make them into pizza versions,
还有印度中国菜， 韩式中国菜， 日式中国菜， 日本人把小包子 做成了比萨。
124.and they take — and they — like, totally randomly they’ll take Chinese noodle dishes, and they’ll just Ramen-ize them.
他们还 很随意的， 他们把中式的面条， 也做出了日式拉面。
125.This is, like, this is something that in the Chinese version has no soup.
像这个， 在中国的版本中就没有汤的。
126.So, there’s Peruvian Chinese food, which should not be mixed with Mexican Chinese food, where they basically take things and make it look like fajitas.
还有秘鲁中国菜， 不要和墨西哥中国菜混淆了， 因为后者基本上只是 把所有的菜都做得像墨西哥法士达铁板烧。
127.And then — one thing: they have things like risotto chop suey.
还有一个， 他们还有炒杂烩意式调味饭。
128.My personal favorite of all the restaurants I’ve encountered around the world was this one in Brazil, called “Kung Food.”
我在整个世界里 见到的所以餐馆中我最喜欢的一个 是在巴西的这个，叫做“功夫菜”
129.(Laughter) So, let’s take a step back, and kind of, understand what is to be appreciated in America.
（笑声） 让我们退回来一步， 来想想， 在美国有什么值得注意的。
130.McDonald’s has, sort of, garnered a lot of attention, a lot of respect, for basically standardizing the menu, d谷cor and dining experience
麦当劳? 获得了很多的关注与尊重， 因为其在二战后的美国 在菜单，装潢和就餐体验方面
131.in post-World War II America.
树立了一个基本的标准。
132.But you know what?
但是你知道吗？
133.They actually did so through a centralized headquarters out of Illinois, right?
他们实际上 是通过伊利诺斯州的总部 来做的这些的，是吧？
134.Chinese restaurants have done largely the same thing, I would argue, with the menu and the d谷cor — even the restaurant name — but without a centralized headquarters.
我可以说， 中餐馆也做了大致一样的事情， 规范菜单，装潢 甚至是餐馆名称， 但他们没有一个中心总部。
135.So, this actually became very clear to me with the March 30, 2005 Powerball drawing, where, you know, they expected, based on the number of ticket sales they had,
于是，在2005年3月30日的超级球抽奖活动中， 我明白了。 那一次抽奖， 他们根据售出的彩票数目
136.to have three or four second-place winners — those are the people who match five or six Powerball numbers.
估计会有三四个二等奖获得者， 就是那些猜中了五六个号码的人。
137.Instead, they had 110, and they were completely shocked.
但他们有110个， 他们完全惊呆了。
138.They looked all across the country, and discovered it couldn’t necessarily be fraud, because it happened, you know, in different states, across different computer systems.
他们在全国上下调查， 发现不太可能是个骗局， 因为这些彩票 是在不同的州，不同的电脑系统。
139.So whatever it was, it caused people to sort of behave in a mass synchronized way.
不管是什么， 有种东西，让人们有了 群体同步行为。
140.So, like, OK, maybe it had to do with the patterns on the little pieces of paper — you know, like, it was a diamond, or, you know, diagonal.
好吧，也可能是那一小张彩票 上面的某种图案。 就像也许是菱形， 或者是对角线。
141.It wasn’t that.
但不是这样的。
142.It wasn’t that, so they’re like, OK, let’s look at television, so they looked at an episode of Lost.
不是这样的，他们就说， 让我们从电视节目上找找吧。 因此，他们看了一集《迷失》
143.Now, I don’t have a TV, which makes me a freak, but very productive, and — (Laughter) — and this episode of Lost, I understand, was over a white guy’s lucky number
我没有电视机， 别人觉得我很古怪，但这使得我工作富有成效～ （笑声） 我知道，这一集《迷失》 讲的是一个白人的幸运号码，
144.which was not a lucky number, which was how long they’d been on the island, but they looked, and the numbers did not match.
事实上却不是幸运号码， 讲的是他们在岛上呆了多长时间， 他们对照了， 号码不相符。
145.so they looked at The Young and The Restless, and it wasn’t that, either.
他们还看了《不安分的青春》， 号码也不对。
146.So, it wasn’t until the first guy shows up the next day, and they ask him, “Where did you get your number from?”
直到第二天第一个获奖者出现 他们问他， “你的号码从哪里来的？”
147.He’s like, “Oh, I got it from a fortune cookie.”
他说，“哦，我从一个幸运饼干中得到的。”
148.This actually is a slip that one of the winners had, because the Tennessee lottery security officials were like, oh, no — like, this can’t be true.
这就是其中一个获奖者的幸运签， 因为田纳西州彩票安全局 觉得这不可能是真的，
149.But it was true, and basically, of those 110 people, and 104 of them or so had gotten their number from the fortune cookie.
但这是真的。 这110个人中，基本上有 104个人 的号码是从幸运饼干中得到的。
150.(Laughter) Yeah. So, I went and started looking.
（笑声） 是的，因此，我开始调查。
151.I went across the country, looking for these restaurants where these people had gotten their fortune cookies from.
我跑遍了全国， 来寻找那些 获奖者吃到幸运饼干的餐馆。
152.You know, there are a bunch of them, including Lee’s China in Omaha — which is actually run by Koreans, but that’s another point —
有很多家， 包括在奥马哈市的李氏中餐厅， 事实上那是由韩国人开的，但这不是重点。
153.and a bunch of them named China Buffet.
还有很多家叫做自助中餐。
154.So, what’s interesting is that their stories were similar, but they were different.
有意思的是，他们的故事都相似， 但却有所不同。
155.It was lunch, it was take-out, it was sit-down, it was buffet, it was three weeks ago, it was three months ago.
有的是午餐，有的是外卖， 有的是坐下来吃，有的是自助餐， 有的是三星期前，有的是三个月前。
156.But at some point, all these people had a very similar experience that converged at a fortune cookie and at a Chinese restaurant, and all these Chinese restaurants
但在某种程度上， 所以这些人都有一个非常相似的经历， 在一个中餐馆，吃了一个幸运饼干。 所有这些中餐馆
157.were serving fortune cookies, which, of course we know, aren’t even Chinese to begin with.
都有幸运饼干。 而我们已经知道， 这些饼干一开始就不是中国的。
158.So it’s kind of part of the phenomenon I called spontaneous self-organization, right, where, like in ant colonies, where little decisions made by — on the micro-level
这就有点像我所说的 自发组织现象。 就像在蚂蚁群中， 在微观层面上做出的小小的决定，
159.actually have a big impact on the macro-level.
会在宏观层面上产生巨大的影响。
160.So, a good sort of contrast is Chicken McNuggets.
一个很好的对比是， 麦当劳?的麦乐鸡块。
161.McDonald’s actually spent 10 years coming out with a chicken-like product.
麦当劳?花了十年 才推出了鸡肉之类的产品。
162.They did chicken pot pie, they did fried chicken, and then they finally introduced Chicken McNuggets.
他们做了鸡肉馅饼， 炸鸡， 他们最后推出了麦乐鸡块。
163.And the great innovation of Chicken McNuggets was not nuggetfying them, because that’s kind of an easy concept, but the trick behind Chicken McNuggets was,
麦乐鸡块的新发明， 并没有给他们带来金块， 因为这个想法很简单， 但麦乐鸡块背后的技巧是，
164.they were able to remove the chicken from the bone in a cost-effective manner, which is why it took so long for other people to copy them.
如何用一种划算的方式来 把鸡肉从骨头上剔出来。 这就是为什么过了这么久 才有人模仿他们。
165.It took 10 years, and then within a couple of months, it was such a hit they just introduced it and rolled it across the entire system of McDonald’s in the country.
花了十年时间， 然后在短短几个月之内， 他们就推出了麦乐鸡块， 并在全国麦当劳连锁的整个系统中都推广了， 可真是风行一时。
166.In contrast, we have General Tso’s Chicken, which actually started in New York City in the early 1970s, as I was also starting in the university in New York City in the early 1970s,  so …
相反， 我们有左宗棠鸡， 是在20世纪70年代在纽约城里兴起的， 20世纪70年代初期，我也正在纽约读大学～
167.And this logo!
还有这个标志！
168.So me, General Tso’s Chicken and this logo are all cosmically related.
于是，我，左宗棠鸡，还有这个标志 都在宇宙范围内有了联系。
169.But that dish also took about 10 years to spread across America from a random restaurant in New York City.
但是这道菜也花了将近十年， 才从纽约城里的某家餐馆 推广到全国的。
170.Someone’s like, oh, God — it’s sweet, it’s fried, it’s chicken: Americans will love this.
有人想到， 噢，天哪～ 这道菜是甜的，是油炸的，是鸡肉做的： 美国人一定会喜欢。
171.So, what I like to say, you know, this being sort of Bay Area, Silicon Valley — is that we think as McDonald’s as sort of the Microsoft of the dining experiences.
我想说的是，如果这是海湾地区，硅谷 我们可以把麦当劳?看作 是餐饮业的微软。
172.We can think of Chinese restaurants perhaps as Linux: sort of an open source thing, right, where ideas from one person can be copied and propagated across the entire system;
我们可以把中餐馆看作Linux: 一种开源系统，对吧？ 一个人的想法 可以在这整个系统中被复制，被普及。
173.that there can be specialized versions of Chinese food, you know, depending on the region.
在不同的地区，就有特别版本的 中国菜。
174.For example, you know, in New Orleans we have Cajun Chinese food, where they serve Sichuan alligator and sweet and sour crawfish, right?
比如说， 在新奥尔良，我们有法人后裔风味的中国菜， 你可以吃到四川短吻鳄和糖醋小龙虾。
175.And in Philadelphia, you have Philadelphia cheesesteak roll, which looks like an egg roll on the outside, but a cheesesteak on the inside.
在费城， 你可以吃到费城奶酪牛排卷， 它外面看上去像一个蛋卷， 但在里面有奶酪牛排。
176.I was really surprised to discover that, not only in Philadelphia, but also in Atlanta, because what had happened was that a Chinese family had moved
我很惊讶的发现， 不仅仅是在费城有，在亚特兰大也有。 原因是， 一个中国家庭
177.from Atlanta to — sorry, from Philadelphia to Atlanta, and brought that with them.
从费城搬到了亚特兰大， 把奶酪牛排卷也带过去了。
178.So, the thing is, our historical lore, because of the way we like narratives, are full of vast characters such as, you know, Howard Schultz of Starbucks
问题是， 我们的历史知识中， 由于我们对于叙事故事的喜爱， 充斥了大量的人物。 比如说，星巴克?的霍尔德·舒尔茨
179.and Ray Kroc with McDonald’s and Asa Chandler with Coca-Cola.
麦当劳?的雷·克拉克 还有可口可乐?的艾萨·凯德勒
180.But, you know, it’s very easy to overlook the smaller characters — oops — for example, like Lem Sen, who introduced chop suey, Chef Peng,
但是，你知道， 我们非常容易忽视掉小人物。 比如说，发明了炒杂烩的 林森， 发明了左宗棠鸡的
181.who introduced General Tso Chicken, and all the Japanese bakers who introduced fortune cookies.
彭厨师， 还有发明了幸运饼干的 所有日本面包师。
182.So, the point of my presentation is to make you think twice, that those whose names are forgotten in history can often have had as much,
我这篇报告的目的是， 让你能够反复的思考， 那一些名字被历史遗忘了的人， 对于我们现在吃的食物，
183.if not more, impact on what we eat today.
有着同样，也许更加重要的影响。
184.So. Thank you very much.
谢谢大家。